Responses of the Black Community in Post-War Britain from Experiences of Racism
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This is an 11 page paper discussing the political and cultural responses of the black community in post-war Britain to their experiences of racism. Post-war Britain saw the tremendous increase of immigration from citizens of the Commonwealth. The immigration resulted in a great increase in the black population and immediately anti-black riots and protests began. Racial attacks were blatant and seemed to be supported by the police organizations and as a result many black local and national organizations were formed in an attempt to protect the black communities from violent attacks and to provide a political base for change. Little change occurred however until the 1980s when the government finally recognized that some crimes were “racially motivated”. Despite this recognition, violent racial attacks continued with few arrests and convictions until the number of racial attacks today are estimated at over 140,000 per year. The last fifty years saw the formation of many anti-racist and black supported organizations such as the Pan-African Federation (1940s), the League of Colored Persons and the Colonial Defence Committee (1940s and 1950s), the Inter-Racial Friendship Coordinating Council (1950s), Black Panthers in the Liverpool area (1960s) and most recently the London Campaign Against Racism and Fascism (1990s) among many others. Despite these organizations, there have also been powerful and racist political parties formed such as the National Front (1960s) and the British National Party which increased in support in the 1990s. Racism against the black communities within Britain has not abated resulting in an increase in the ghettoization of black communities and many black people choosing to leave the country. Bibliography lists 14 sources.
Filename: TJUKblk1.rtf

Revolution in East Germany: The Push/Pull Phenomena
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A 4 page overview of the factors which were at play in East Germany’s 1989 revolution. The author contends that, as with most revolutions, some of these factors were external while others were internal. The interplay which was created could be regarded, in fact, as a push/pull phenomena, a phenomena in which internal forces pushing for change joined external forces pulling for change. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: PPgrmRev.rtf

Richard Crossman / The Myths Of British Cabinet Government
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A 5 page paper that provides a summary of Crossman's book on the British Cabinet system and a critical evaluation of the book. Bibliography lists no additional sources.
Filename: Crossman.wps

Rights vs. Sanctions / Differences Between Democratic & Non-Democratic States
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A 3 page essay on the reasons why sanctions do not work in non-democratic societies. Using Bosnia as an example, the writer presents an argument for the advantage of having inalienable rights to government accountability. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: Bosniesy.doc

Rise Of Fascism And Nazi Power In Germany
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This 7 page paper discusses the events and situations that led to the rise of fascism in Germany between 1919 and 1931. The German people were lured into accepting and supporting this type of government by Hitler, who exploited the problems Germany had after World War I and then exploited the impact the Great Depression had on Germany. This essay explains how Hitler and his Nazis were able to seduce the country's population. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PGfascht.rtf

Role Of The Military In Peacekeeping
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A 14 page paper. The United Nations invented the concept and practice of peacekeeping as a response to the political realities of the Cold War. The Charter does not specifically cover peacekeeping operations, therefore, the UN Security Council adopted principles for these kinds of activities, one of which is not to use force except for self-defense. This essay discusses the UN's role in peacekeeping and the principles of these operations. Also discussed is the NATO Allied forces and their activities. The writer discusses the evolution of peacekeeping missions as the Cold War ended. Peacekeeping operations have become far more complex in the last decade. Humanitarian crises have become more intense as well as more frequent. The role of the military and the need for the military in these kinds of missions is explained. Examples are included. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PGpckp.rtf

Scottish Independence and Identity
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This 6 page paper looks at the effect that national identity has had on devolution in Scotland. The formation of a parliament is Scotland has been the breakthrough which many nationalists had hoped for, yet it may be in this that the continued cry for a separate national identify stops. The paper looks at the past and to the future of Scottish devolution and questions the wisdom of the political process progressing any further towards total independence. The bibliography cites 5 sources.
Filename: TEscotin.wps

Security Affairs in Eastern Europe and Moscow after 1945
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This 5 page report discusses the highly effective and equally repressive security measures and forces of both the Soviet Union and the nations of eastern Europe after World War II and until the end of the Cold War. Such systems far outweighed the role and function of the traditional military and police systems and instead became a controlling and terrifying factor in the daily lives of the general population. Bibliography lists 5 sources.
Filename: BWmoscow.wps

Sexual Violence During Times of War: Crime Against Humanity or War Crime?
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A 10 page discussion of the nature of acts of sexual violence committed during times of war. Uses the examples recently unfolding in the Yugoslav region. Notes that the 2001 convictions of three Bosnian Serbs for their repeated rape and mistreatment of numerous civilian Muslim women they held captive is precedential in nature. It is the first incidence of an international court of justice addressing a crime of sexual violence as a crime against humanity. that in reality these crimes justify an even more rigid judicial process and retribution. It can be contended in fact, given the structural, cultural, and institutional mechanisms which have resulted in these crimes, that these crimes of sexual violence should be prosecuted under the title of war crimes. Bibliography lists 8 sources.
Filename: PPrapeWr.wps

Shattering Silence: Gender Differences In Northern Ireland
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A 5 page examination of the role of gender differences in the conflicts of Northern Ireland. Based largely on the book 'Shattering Silence: Women, Nationalism, and Political Subjectivity in Northern Ireland' by Begona Aretxaga. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: IrishWom.wps

Social Democratic Consensus: Britain
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A 5 page paper which examines the rise and fall of the post-WWII Social Democratic Consensus in Britain. The paper discusses the reasons behind this approach, the reasons for its failures, Butskellism, and how some of this involved other countries such as Germany. The text used for examining this subject is "Britain Since 1789" by Pugh. No additional sources cited.
Filename: RAconsensus.wps

Spain & Political Transition
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A 10 page research paper examining the transition from Francoism to Democracy in Spain. Included is a review of the literature on the success of the transition and factors that lead to a successful transition. Extensive bibliography is provided. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Spainand.wps