The Creek Indians: Culture and Custom
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A 12 page overview of the traditional culture of the Creek Indians and how this culture has suffered after contact with Europeans. Outlines such customs as familial relationships, the importance of clans, and the role of women. Concludes that although the Creeks have been largely assimilated into mainstream White culture they have managed to retain some semblance of their traditional cultures. Bibliography lists 11 sources.
Filename: PPnaCrk.wps

The Decline of Native American Culture
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A 5 page overview of the factors which have affected Native American culture. Defines Native American culture as being composed of a number of distinctive components. Relates the concern that while the number of Native Americans may be increasing, the cultures of many groups are being lost as they associate more and more with mainstream white America. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPnaDstr.wps

The Definition Of 'Native American'
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Provides a 7 page overview of the various factors which are used to determine whether or not a person is indeed a Native American. Stresses the importance of what is in the heart rather than phylogenetic or stereotypical images of what a 'true' Native American is. Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: Nawho.wps

The Eskimo Spirit in Death
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(6 pp). One of greatest human fears is death. We superstitiously think that if we don't talk about it, we do not have to deal with it, but according to Purnell's Model for Cultural Competence, mourning, death and its attending rituals are commonalities which all humans share. This discussion will examine death and its rituals among Eskimos . Bibliography lists 7 sources.
Filename: BBeskimo.doc

The Eskimo Spirit Never Dies.
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(6 pp).One of the greatest human fears is death. We superstitiously think that if we don't talk about it, we do not have to deal with it, but according to Purnell's Model for Cultural Competence, mourning, death and its attending rituals are commonalities which all humans share. This discussion will examine death and its rituals among Eskimos . Bibliography lists 7 sources - 2 visuals.
Filename: BBeskmoR.doc

The Expansion of Cattle Ranching in the West
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An 8 page overview of the initiation of cattle ranching in the West. Traces the history of this land use from the Spanish land grants to the Treaty of Guadelupe Hildalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, in which Mexico ceded Arizona,California, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming to the United States. Continues in the history through the opening of the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma. Emphasizes that cattle ranching can have many adverse impacts in addition to its positive ones. Notes the displacement of indigenous peoples and animals which occurred as ancillary impacts to the expansion of cattle ranching in the West. Bibliography lists 4 sources.
Filename: PPranch.wps

The Great Dying
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5 pages in length. The Great Dying is historically known as a period of time two hundred and fifty-one million years ago where the earth suffered significant and overwhelming devastation. The most intriguing aspect about this mass extinction of plant and animal life is that scientists still have no concrete evidence why such a phenomenon occurred. That the planet lost more than ninety percent of all marine plant and animal life, as well as nearly seventy percent of all land species, makes one ponder the underlying spiritual reasons for such havoc. Bibliography lists 3 sources.
Filename: TLCgrtdy.wps

The Histiographical Debate Concerning Native American Survivability as Related to Land Ethic Verses That of Europeans During Colonial Times in the Americas
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A 15 page address of the question which has occupied historians for centuries, why were Native Americans not only able to survive but to thrive in a land where European colonists would at first flounder and many times perish? The author of this paper explores various sides of the debate to conclude that the speculations as to why this was the case vary dramatically and, although there is no singular answer, the distinction in the way that Native Americans and Europeans related with the land appears to be important. Bibliography lists 18 sources.
Filename: PPnaLnd.rtf

The History of Lacrosse: From the Native American Stickball Game to the Game We Know Today
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A 9 page overview of the game Lacrosse. Traces the game from its origin among the Native Americans to the present day. Details the spiritual meaning of the game to Native Americans as well as its history among the non-Natives in their relations with Natives. Outlines the evolution in gear, rules, and playing fields. Bibliography lists 10 sources.
Filename: PPlacros.wps

The Impact of European Diseases on the Native American
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A 10 page exploration of the impacts of European introduced disease on the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas. Examines both biological and cultural reasons for the susceptibility of the Native peoples to these diseases. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: Nadiseas.wps

The Impacts of Christianity on Zitkala Sa, A Yankton Sioux
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A 3 page discussion of the life and literary contributions of this nineteenth and early twentieth century Native American woman. A noted lecturer and writer, Zitkala would take many aspects of the white world to task. Her most resented target, however, was Christianity itself. Bibliography lists 1 source.
Filename: PPnaLtZt.rtf

The Impacts of History and Culture on Reading Level and Language Acquisition Among Native American Students
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A 5 page discussion of the historical and cultural factors explaining differences in reading comprehension and language acquisition between Native American students and mainstream students. Suggests that these differences revolve around differences in cultural schemata and differences in motivation. Utilized research in education to substantiate this suggestion. Bibliography lists 9 sources.
Filename: PPnaRead.wps